To mitigate hyperpigmentation, use tranexamic acid (TXA) for melasma, combine intense pulsed light (IPL) with SPF 30 for age spots (and SPF 50 for melasma), then incorporate kojic acid and licorice root to maintain an even skin tone long-term.

noli's read

The recommendation to use tranexamic acid (TXA) to regulate melasma is based on solid foundations: a meta-analysis published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology confirms its efficacy in targeting skin brightening. For sun-related age spots, the efficacy of intense pulsed light (IPL) is widely validated by observational studies in Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. The crucial importance of a specific SPF 50 for melasma is also supported by a randomized clinical trial in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, demonstrating that maximum protection is essential for this skin sensitivity. Finally, kojic acid and licorice root extract are documented in clinical trials in the Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology as effective natural alternatives for maintaining skin radiance. Presenting these two ingredients as a 'secret' is slightly exaggerated as they are well-known to skincare enthusiasts, but their synergy is scientifically coherent.

the sources

1. 1Green AC, Williams GM, Logan V, Strutton GM 2011
2. 2Hughes MCB, Williams GM, Baker P, Green AC 2013