Taking notes by hand after reading or listening to information can significantly improve memorization and the integration of what has been learned.

noli's read

This advice is based on the neuroscientific principle of "deep encoding." Studies in cognitive psychology (e.g., Mueller & Oppenheimer) and recent research using brain imaging (e.g., studies published in Frontiers in Psychology) suggest that handwriting activates more brain regions—particularly those related to movement, vision, and episodic memory—compared to keyboard typing. This process, which is slower and more demanding, forces the brain to synthesize and process information rather than transcribing it passively. Although the scientific consensus validates the benefits of handwriting for long-term memorization, it is important to note that effectiveness also depends on the quality of cognitive engagement during note-taking. Some work nuances the exclusive advantage of handwriting depending on the context, but the idea that the physical effort of writing promotes better encoding is solidly supported by behavioral and observational evidence.

the sources

1. 1Pandi-Perumal SR, Spence DW, Srivastava N, et al. 2022
2. 2Dewar M, Alber J, Cowan N, Della Sala S. 2014
3. 3Weng L, Yu L, Rong J, et al. 2025